CXCR4:G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)家族,再出肿瘤免疫新药!

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CXCR4:G蛋⽩偶联受体(GPCR)家族,再出肿瘤免疫新药!
2022年1⽉18⽇,趋化因⼦受体CXCR4拮抗剂Motixafortide,进⾏了新药上市申请前(pre-NDA)会议,药物开发公司BioLineRx表⽰,计划今年上半年递交NDA。⽬前,CXCR4拮抗剂已有多款在研,按研究进度,Motixafortide有望率先获批,成为继普乐沙福(Plerixafor)之后获批的第⼆款CXCR4拮抗剂,⽤于乳腺癌。
⼈体中,不同趋化因⼦受体-配体轴的相互作⽤构成了复杂的趋化因⼦调控⽹络,对⾃⾝免疫和癌症等疾病⽅⾯有着重要影响。近年来,随着对趋化因⼦受体结构和机制的深⼊理解,更多趋化因⼦受体相关抗体类药物也步⼊临床。CXCR4作为具有代表性的G蛋⽩耦联受体(GPCR)⼀员,在介导肿瘤定向迁移、侵袭和转移中发挥着重要的作⽤,多项CXCR4开发药物在临床中表现出巨⼤的潜⼒,这些药物将为肿瘤免疫开辟⼀条新的途径。
什么是CXCR4?
趋化因⼦受体(C X    C chemokine receptor 4,CXCR4)是⼀个具有7次跨膜结构的G蛋⽩耦联受体(G Protein-Coupled Receptor,GPCR),由352个氨基酸组成,其编码基因位于染⾊体2q21 [1-2]。CXCR4作为GPCR家族中的⼀员,GPCR的超家族已经被证明是许多药物的药理作⽤靶点(点击查看GPCR抗体药物研究进展⼤盘点)。CXCR4在体内⼤部分组织和器官上都有表达,包括⾻髓、脐⾎和动
员的外周⾎来源的细胞表⾯,以及多种⾮造⾎⼲细胞表⾯表达。近年来研究发现,肿瘤细胞转移到特定器官是不同器官通过趋化作⽤吸引特定类型肿瘤细胞归巢的结果。在众多的趋化因⼦受体中,CXCR4在许多肿瘤中都存在表达增强。⽬前的研究表明,与趋化因⼦受体CXCR4相关的癌症超过23种,它还能促进⾎管⽣成,细胞的转移、⽣长或⽣存[3]。此外,还参与HIV病毒感染[4]。这些⽣物学功能决定了CXCR4靶向药可⽤于肿瘤、造⾎⼲细胞动员、HIV等疾病的。
CXCR4的配体
趋化因⼦CXCL12(⼜称SDF-1,基质细胞衍⽣因⼦1)是CXCR4的唯⼀配体,属于CXC趋化因⼦家族成员,分⼦量约为8 kD。CXCL12包含α和β两个异构体,由⾻髓基质细胞及其他相关的间⽪细胞和上⽪细胞分泌[5]。CXCR4作为CXCL12⾏使功能的唯⼀跨膜受体,组成的CXCR4/CXCL12轴参与诸多⽣物学过程,包括①肿瘤的转移、增殖、黏附以及⾎管新⽣多种机制;②介导造⾎⼲细胞的动员与归巢,与趋化⼲细胞靶向受损组织、扩⼤旁分泌和促进⾎管新⽣有关;③调节成熟B细胞、浆细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、T细胞和树突状细胞的运动,与机体的免疫功能有着密切的关系[3, 6]。因此,CXCR4通过结合CXCL12,在介导免疫及炎症反应、调控造⾎、诱导⾎管⽣成、肿瘤侵袭转移等多种⽣理和病理过程中发挥重要作⽤。
CXCR4的调节机制
CXCR4与其配体CXCL12特异性结合,可激活下游⼀系列细胞内信号转导通路和效应分⼦,进⽽调节细胞存活、增殖、迁移和粘附等⽣物学⾏为。如图1,在肿瘤中,CXCR4-CXCL12参与激活多种促癌调节机制,从⽽促进肿瘤增殖、抑制癌细胞凋亡、促进转移,包括RAS-MAPK-MEK1/2 [7]、ERK1/2 [8]、PI3K-AKT [9]和NF-kB [10]等信号通路。
以PI3K-AKT为例⼦,有研究发现,在胃癌细胞中,CXCL12-CXCR4⽣物轴激活PI3K/Akt途径得以促进肿瘤细胞的⽣长、浸润及转移,其机制具体如下:⾼表达的CXCL12-CXCR4轴可使PI3Kγ活化,通过与磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶γ(phos-photidylionsitol 3-kinasseγ,PI3Kγ)的调节亚基相结合,进⽽激活PI3Kγ的下游的信号分⼦,如核因⼦κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB)、蛋⽩激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB),细胞外调节蛋⽩激酶1/2(extracellular regulated protein kinase1/2,ERK1/2)和有丝分裂原激活蛋⽩激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)等的表达 [11, 12]。
图1. CXCR4/CXCL12在肿瘤细胞中的信号通路
CXCR4在肿瘤等疾病中的作⽤
CXCR4作为肿瘤细胞表达最为普遍的趋化因⼦受体,与多种肿瘤的发展和转移有关,包括乳腺癌 [13]、卵巢癌 [14]、肺癌 [15]、结肠直肠癌 [16]、原发性脑肿瘤(如胶质瘤)[17]、胰腺癌 [18]、前列腺癌 [19]、多发性⾻髓瘤(MM) [20]、急性髓系⽩⾎病(AML) [21]、慢性淋巴细胞⽩⾎病(CLL) [22]、⾮霍奇⾦淋巴瘤(NHL) [23]等等。
在⾎液肿瘤⽅⾯,CXCR4与多种⾎液肿瘤疾病具有⽆可争议的临床相关性。⾸个CXCR4拮抗剂普乐沙福(Plerixafor)于2008年在欧美获批,2018年引进国内。⽬前,Plerixafor可联合G-CSF⽤于接受⾃体造⾎⼲细胞移植(ASCT)的NHL和MM患者造⾎⼲细胞动员。多项CXCR4靶向抑制剂也正在展开研究,⼀种抗CXCR4抗体ulocuplumab(BMS-936564)的Ib/II期试验(NCT01359657)证实,阻断CXCR4-CXCL12与来那度胺和地塞⽶松联合复发性或难治性⾻髓瘤患者,具有较⾼的应答率。此外,⼈源化CXCR4抗体PF-06747143在包括NHL、AML和MM在内的多种⾎液肿瘤模型中显⽰出强烈的抗肿瘤作⽤。
在实体瘤⽅⾯,CXCR4抑制剂也被证明具有重要的抗癌潜⼒。有⼏项临床试验正在评估CXCR4抑制剂对胶质瘤患者的临床益处。另外,⼀项I/II期试验(NCT01977677)研究表明,普乐沙福Plerixafor
抑制CXCL4介导的⾎管⽣成,增强了放射的效果;⼀种CXCR4肽拮抗剂(LY2510924)在各种实体瘤和转移性乳腺癌临床前模型中显⽰出抗肿瘤活性。
CXCR4不仅在肿瘤中扮演关键⾓⾊,还与⼀些免疫疾病(⽐如,系统性红斑狼疮 [24]、风湿性相关疾病 [25]等等),遗传性疾病WHIM综合征[26],以及病毒疾病HIV [27]有密切关系。另有报道指出,CXCR4在胚胎发育过程中,介导受损视神经的轴突再⽣,或为视觉提供新策略[28]。因此,靶向CXCR4将为多种疾病的药物开发带来新办法,尤其在⾎液肿瘤以及实体瘤的免疫⽅⾯。
CXCR4的临床应⽤前景
⽬前,以CXCR4为靶向的研究正在进⾏中或已经相当成熟。除了FDA批准的CXCR4抑制剂Plerixafor,普乐沙福,⽤于⾎液恶性肿瘤。近年来,伴随着对CXCR4功能机制的进⼀步认识,已经探索出了多种CXCR4靶向抑制剂(如下表),例如,国内已获批临床的Motixafortide,⽬前处于临床III期,⽤于局部晚期或转移性三阴性乳腺癌;同样处于临床III期阶段的Mavorixafor,作⽤造⾎⼲细胞动员⽤于多发性⾻髓瘤患者⾃体⾻髓移植,计划于今年上半年递交NDA,有望成为全球第⼆款CXCR4靶向药。相信很快,针对CXCR4受体的⽅法,将为癌症等多种疾病的疗法提供新的突破。
数据来⾃:药渡
为⿍⼒协助各药企针对CXCR4在肿瘤、造⾎⼲细胞动员、HIV、⾃⾝免疫性等疾病在临床中的研究,CUSABIO推出CXCR4活性蛋⽩产品(Code: CSB-MP006254HU(F1),助⼒您在CXCR4机制⽅⾯的研究或其潜在临床价值的探索。
● Recombinant Human C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)-VLPs (Active)
High Specificity Validated by Western Blot (WB)
CSB-MP006254HU(F1) is detected by Mouse anti-6*His monoclonal antibody.
Excellent Bioactivity Validated by Functional ELISA
Immobilized Human CXCR4 at 10 µg/ml can bind Anti-CXCR4 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA006254MA01HU), the
EC50 is 101.7-253.6 ng/mL.
参考⽂献:
[1] Wescott, Melanie P., et al. "Signal transmission through the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) transmembrane helices." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.35 (2016): 9928-9933.
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[10] Cheng, Y., et al. (2020). Positive Cross-Talk Between CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Promotes Gastric Cancer Metastasis via the Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 26, e925019.
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