★ 石油化工安全环保技术 ★
危险与可操作性分析是一种系统的、定性的风险分析技术，该技术用引导词分析偏离正常操作（或设计意图）时所造成的各种影响。它也是一个详细的危险与可操作性问题的辨识过程，由1个小组执行，是工艺危害分析（PHA ）/工艺安全审查的方法之一[1-2]。另外，HAZOP 需要一个假定前提：在正常操作条件下工厂应是安全且可操作的。并且它是基于这样一个基本认识，即各个专业、具有不同知识背景的人员所组成的分析小组一起工作，比独自一人单独工作更具有创造性与系统性，能识别更多更好的问题。焚烧炉装置工艺流程复杂，又处于高温高压环境中，对工艺生产稳定性要求较高，因此，利用HAZOP 分析法对其进行风险分析与评估，非常必要。 折叠篮
1 偏差介绍及节点划分
本次分析中使用的偏离主要有：无流量/流量偏低；流量偏高；压力偏高/偏低；压差偏高/偏低；温度偏高/偏低；液位/界位偏高；液位/界位偏低；反应过快/过慢[3-4]。针对焚烧炉装置的工艺特点，因此节点划分原则如下：节点的划分一般按工艺流程进行，主要考虑单元的目的与功能、单元的物料、合理的隔
离/切断点等因素。连续工艺一般可将主要设备作为单独节点，也可以根据工艺介质性质的情况划分节点，工艺介质主要性质保持一致的，可作为1个节点。因此，焚烧炉装置
HAZOP 分析节点划分应具有相对明确的起始界限以及清晰的设计意图，有助于潜在危险源和操作性问题的辨识与分析。部分节点划分如表1所示。
2 HAZOP 分析内容
本次分析组的主要人员有：企业HAZOP 分析组以及焚烧炉装置工艺工程师、设备工程师、仪表工程师、安全工程师和操作班组长。本次分析主要依据公司级相关标准和规范：《健康安全环境风险标准》以及《危险与可操作性分析（HAZOP ）规范》，并于1个月内对焚烧炉装置进行了分析，发现了部分重大的风险和隐患。
按建议措施对应的风险等级划分，其中包括：Ⅳ级严重风险（限期整改强制性措施）；Ⅲ级高度风险（限期整改强制性措施）；Ⅱ级中度风险（期望改进推荐性措施）；Ⅰ级可接受风险（建议性措施）。本报告仅逐一列出部分较高或容易忽视的风险（其他在HAZOP 分析的记录中体现）[5-6]。评估发现：本次分析评估共发现三级风险25项（类），其中排污单元三级风险2项（类）。其中，焚烧炉装置排污单元分析记录内容如表2所示。
收稿日期：2018-01-04
蒸汽直埋管道
作者简介：无油空压机结构图
屈晓雪，男，2013年毕业于辽宁石油化工大学安全技术及工程专业，硕士，主要研究方向：石化设备的风险分析控制及失效风险评估。现任安全工程教学部HSE 教研室主任，讲师。E-mail:
基于HAZOP 的焚烧炉装置排污单元安全分析研究
屈晓雪，贾 明，侯 洋
（中国石油广州培训中心，广东 广州 510510）
摘 要：运用危险与可操作性分析方法对某化工企业焚烧炉装置排污单元进行风险分析及评估。在进行焚烧炉装置工艺节点划分后，通过HAZOP 分析其偏差可知装置共有25项三级残余风险，并对每一项提出有针对性的改进措施。其中，以排污单元部分HAZOP 分析记录为例，包含的2项三级固有风险没有保护措施，针对其存在的问题提出整改意见和措施，为有效提升装置整体运行的安全水平提供了建设性意见和建议。
关键词：焚烧炉装置 危险与可操作性分析 单元 偏差 固有风险 残余风险
部分焚烧炉装置工艺节点划分一览
表1
表2 焚烧炉装置排污单元部分HAZOP
3 分析基本结论及改进措施
焚烧炉装置排污单元在下列Ⅳ级风险、Ⅲ级风险没有核实整改完成之前运行存在较大风险。如表2所示，污泥浓缩池、离心脱水机、脱水污泥的储存料仓和污泥输送泵输送节点中，存在2个参与风险等级在Ⅲ级以上的问题：1）当P-0111正常运行，P-0131备用泵输送含油污泥且出口误倒至活性污泥三通线时，泵P-0111出口堵死导致泵憋压损坏，可能造成人员伤亡，风险等级为Ⅲ；2）当P-0121正常运行，P-0131备用泵输送活性污泥且出口误倒至含油污泥三通线时，泵P-0121出口堵死导致泵憋压损坏，可能造成人员伤亡，风险等级为Ⅲ。
针对问题1建议，核实泵是否有安全泄压阀及阀位程序控制连锁，若无，建议当X-0113A打开的时候，X-0114三通阀只能通向活性污泥。针对问题2建议，核实泵是否有安全泄压阀及阀位程序控制连锁，若无，建议当X-0113B打开的时候联锁X-0134三通阀只能通向活性污泥，同时X-0114开向X-0134方向。
4 结语
通过HAZOP分析可以看出：它能够在提高企业安全水平的同时，解决可能存在的操作问题，是工厂或
装置全生命周期内工艺过程安全管理的一部分，为后续的风险控制和工艺安全管理（PSM）提供必要输入[7-8]。并且，还能够使参与HAZOP分析的人员有机会充分了解设计意图，以及偏离设计意图可能产生的问题或风险，用HAZOP分析来编制、完善操作规程是一个不错的选择，也为操作培训提供了很好的素材。另外，在对现役装置进行阶段性回顾性分析时可以发现，由于各种微小改动，所积累而成的对系统的影响，可尽早地予以控制或消除。但是，仍存在无设计人员参加，对工艺设计建立在装置人员的理解程度上，部分资料深度不够、不全（如无法得到装置物料的所有化学品清单及化学品MSDS，无仪表整定值，无详细操作规程等），故存在风险不能得到有效识别的情况。在今后的工作中，应当寻并使用与HAZOP互补的安全分析方法，做到尽可能全面的风险评价。
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ysis. Under the combined effects of safety factors and acci-dent potential, the equilibrium model is constantly changing dynamically. It is finally in a stage of dynamic equilibrium. The stage is divided into safety section, equilibrium section, and accident section. Different stages lead to different con-sequences. The model pointed out that the accident occurred when the dynamic equilibrium was broken and no accidents occurring in the system didn’t mean definite safety. When building the model, the safety impacts are clearly grouped, which can distinguish the positive and negative impacts of the safety factors more effectively. The concept of balance in mechanics is used to help achieve management optimiza-tion, which can better summarize the current state of safety and provide ideas for better safety management.
Key words: safety; “accident-safety” equilibrium; safety section; equilibrium section; accident section ANALYSIS ON SAFETY OF NATURAL GAS PIPELINE RELOCATION BASED ON AHP-FUZZY EV ALUATION METHOD[26]
Zhao Yagang1, Pan Ziling2, Fan Yidong1, Zhou Jun3.
(1.CNPC Southwest Pipeline Co., Ltd., Guiyang, Guizhou, 550081; 2. Guizhou Energy Mineral Zhijin Phos-Chemi Co., Ltd., Guiyang, Guizhou, 550004; 3. Mining College of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025) Abstract: The process of evaluating the major hazard sourc-es of natural gas pipeline relocation projects is a complicat-ed systematic evaluation process, and its evaluation system is uncertain, non-quantitative and ambiguous. In order to carry out safety evaluation on the natural gas pipeline relo-cation process, an evaluation index system is established. Based on the AHP analytic hierarchy process, a hierarchical structure of major hazard sources evaluation elements in the natural gas pipeline relocation is constructed. The judgment matrix is established after comparing the evaluation factors in the evaluation system. The judgment matrix is calculated correspondingly to obtain the corresponding feature vector, and the approximate value is used as the weight of each evaluation index. Taking a natural gas pipeline as an exam-ple, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is adopted to transform the qualitative problem into quantitative pr
oblem so that the comprehensive evaluation and analysis of major hazard sources in the relocation project of natural gas pipe-line can be carried out.
Key words: AHP method; natural gas pipeline; pipeline relocation;major hazard sources; fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
SAFETY ANALYSIS ON THE DISCHARGE UNIT OF INCINERATOR BASED ON HAZOP[28]
Qu Xiaoxue,Jia Ming,Hou Yang.(China Petroleum Guang-zhou Training Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510510) Abstract: HAZOP is used to make a risk analysis and as-sessment of discharge unit of incinerator device in a chem-ical enterprise. It can be known that there are 25 residual risks in the third stage of the plant by the HAZOP analysis of the deviation after the process nodes of incinerator unit are divided. And targeted improvement measures are made for each risk. Among them, the HAZOP analysis record of sewage discharge unit is taken as an example. There are no protective measures for two three-tier inherent risks in-volved. Aiming at the existing problems, suggestions and measures for rectification are put forward. And constructive comments and suggestions are presented to improve the safety level of the overall operation of the device effectively. Key words: incinerator device; hazard and operability stud-ies/HAZOP; unit; deviation; inherent risk; residual risk STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LARGE STORAGE TANK STEEL DOME[31]
Li Bin, Wang Wentao, Li Ming.(SINOPEC Engineering Incorporation, Beijing, 100101)
Abstract: Most of the large tank domes are made of steel dome structure or a combination of steel dome and concrete dome. The diameter of the existing large-scale storage tanks have reached 70-100 m. Regardless of the structural form, the stability analysis of steel domes is the top priority. This paper adopts the international general FEM software ABAQUS to carry out the double nonlin-ear stability analysis on the material and geometry of the steel dome of the storage tank of certain project. It also compares the analysis results of different design parame-ters with the hope that the conclusions from the compari-son can be used for reference in similar projects.
Key words: stability analysis; large steel dome; cryo-genic tank;initial imperfection
A RAPID SEPARATION AND DETECTION METHOD FOR C1 – C5 ALKANES[33]
Zhang Yongzhi, Cui Hemin, Zhao Xue, Yang Dongcai. (Dalian Zhonghuida Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Dalian, Liaoning, 116033)
Abstract: Due to the different molecular forces between the stationary phase in the packed column and the components in the sample, the outflow time of each component from the column is also diffe
rent, so the components are separated from each other. In this experiment, PEG-20M was coated on the graphitized carbon black to reduce the adsorption of graphitized carbon black on C1-C5 alkanes, shorten the peak time of the sample on the chromatographic column, change the concentration of PEG-20M, and detect the most con-sistent requirements of C1-C5 alkanes rapid separation and detection method. By analyzing the experimental results, it is shown that when the coating concentration of PEG-20M is at 10%, it meets the requirements of C1-C5 alkanes rapid separation and detection method.
Key words: PEG-20M; packed column; C1-C5 alkanes; rapid separation
BRIEF ANALYSIS ON THE TREATMENT TECH-NOLOGY OF TRANSIENT VOLTAGE FLUCTUA-TION IN PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY[36] Wang Xiaodong1, Qiao Lei1, Li Jian2.(1. SINOPEC Dazhou Natural Gas Purification Co., Ltd., Dazhou, Si-chuan, 635000; 2. Pushon (Beijing) Electric Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100123)
Abstract: In petrochemical industry, the production pro-cess is complex; the working conditions are harsh and the material connection between the units is very close. In view of the distinctiveness of chemical plants, the power quality requirements are extremely high. At present, the
隔膜胶水
ABSTRACTS PETROCHEMICAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT AL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY
Bimonthly. 20 Aug. 2019 V ol. 35 No. 4·Ⅱ·
